- masculine and feminine self-presentation
- humans learn behaviour considered gender appropriate in society.
- women are supposed to be obedient toward their husbands and other men in the family.
- According to a study
(Fernandez, 1997), when there is family violence,
older women often align themselves
against, rather than with, younger women who
marry into their families. Fernandez (1997) said
that unlike the typical domestic violence scenario
in the Western world, which usually involves
a lone man battering a lone woman, in
India often a mother-in-law or sister-in-law
contributes to the violence perpetrated by men
against women. (from MUDITA RASTOGI and PAUL THERLY, DOWRY AND ITS LINK TO VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN INDIA).
- Feminist theory (Fernandez, 1997) explains
violence as a consequence of the social roles of husband-wife and the legitimized social norms
of male domination of resources, institutionalized
gender inequalities, and consequent perceived
male entitlement to controlling the lives
of women.
- This section looks at
women’s and men’s roles in perpetuating and
continuing abuse.
- Kakar (1988) provided an explanation for the
low self-esteem of women in a patriarchal society.
He said that because of the differential treatment
of sexes “girls and women in a
dramatically patriarchal society will turn the
aggression against themselves and transform
the cultural devaluation into feelings of worthlessness
and inferiority” (p. 48). Another cause
for pathology, according to Kakar (1988), is the
social training of young women:
Late childhood marks the beginning of an Indian
girl’s deliberate training in how to be a good woman,
and hence the conscious inculcation of culturally
designated feminine roles. She learns that the “virtues”
of womanhood which will take her through
life are submission and docility as well as skill and
grace in the various household tasks. (p. 51)
- experiments on the interpersonal dynamics of the US culture of honor
included college students who were raised in either the North or the South (Cohen, Nisbett,
Bowdle & Schwarz, 1996). When bumped and insulted by a confederate, southern males
responded with higher levels of stress (as indicated by an increase in cortisol), were more likely
to perceive that their masculinity had been threatened, were visibly more upset by the
- southerners were (a) more likely to think their masculine reputation was threatened
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