STUDY TO DO (A MUST): Which Part of Masculinity???

EXAMPLE ABSTRACT:
Two studies distinguished between aspects of traditional masculinity (gender role conformity versus sexism) in predicting sexual risk behavior among heterosexual males. Hostile sexism was associated with sexual risk taking indirectly, through temptation for unsafe sex. Masculinity and benevolent sexism did not predict temptation for unsafe sex.


Run a correlational study:

- Masculine and Feminine Honour endorsement
- Gender role beliefs (gender conformity/equality)
- Sexism (hostile and benevolent sexism)
- masculinity

Which scale predict masculine honour and feminine honour?
- is it Gender role beliefs(gender conformity)? or Sexism? Or both?


- Also test the strength of correlations between honour and ASI in Turkey vs. UK
- Test the strength of correlations between honour and Gender role beliefs in Saudi vs. UK



Gender expression/conformity scales here:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3783339/

I had already looked at BSRI (as gender conforming personality traits) and honour!

Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory. The Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI) measures the extent to which a male individual conforms to traditional masculine norms (Mahalik et al., 2003). The CMNI consists of 94 items, including “It bothers me when I have to ask for help”, “I tend to keep my feelings to myself”, “I like fighting”, and “In general, I must get my way”. The CMNI contains 11 Masculinity Norms subscales: Winning, Emotional Control, Risk-Taking, Violence, Dominance, Playboy, Self-Reliance, Primacy of Work, Power Over Women, Disdain for Homosexuals, and Pursuit of Status. Male participants rated their agreement with items on a 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 3 (strongly agree). Scores on the CMNI were computed by averaging subscale items, and then summing subscale means for a total CMNI, with higher total scores indicating higher conformity to masculine norms. In developing the scale, Mahalik et al. (2003) found that internal consistency for the Masculinity Norms subscales ranged from .72 to .91, with a Cronbach’s a of .94 for the CMNI Total score, with a sample of 752 men. Scores on the CMNI were related significantly and positively to the Gender Role Conflict Scale and Male Gender Role Stress Scale, indicating strong construct validity (Mahalik et al., 2003). In the present sample, Cronbach’s a was .92, indicating strong internal consistency reliability.

            Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory. The Conformity to Feminine Norms Inventory (CFNI) measures women’s conformity to an array of traditional feminine norms (Mahalik et al., 2005). The CFNI consists of 84 items, including “Being thin is important”, “I would feel extremely ashamed if I had many sexual partners”, “Caring for children adds meaning to one’s life” and “I try to be sweet and nice”. The CFNI contains 8 Femininity Norms subscales: Nice in Relationships, Thinness, Modesty, Domestic, Care for Children, Romantic Relationship, Sexual Fidelity, and Invest in Appearance. Participants rated their agreement with items on a 4-point Likert-type scale ranging from 0 (strongly disagree) to 3 (strongly agree). Scores on the CFNI were computed by averaging subscale items, and then summing subscale means for a total CFNI score, with higher scores indicating higher conformity to feminine norms. In developing the scale, Mahalik et al. (2005) obtained a Cronbach’s a of .88 for the CFNI Total score, and a range from .77 to .92 for the Femininity Norms subscales, with a sample of 733 women, indicating strong internal consistency reliability. Scores on the CFNI correlated significantly and positively with the Bem Sex Role Inventory Femininity scores and Feminist Identity Composite Passive Acceptance subscale scores, indicating strong construct validity (Mahalik et al., 2005). In the present sample, Cronbach’s a was .87, indicating strong internal consistency reliability.