Elster, J. (1990). Norms of revenge. Ethics, 862-885.
Honor is an attribute of free, independent men, not of women,
slaves, servants, or other "small men." (The latter can however, as we
shall see, be verym uch concernedw ithh onor.) It is achievedo r maintained
by victorieso ver equals or superiors,w here "victory"c an mean anything
fromg ettinga way witha n insultingl ook to raping a man's wifeo r killing
him. No honor can be gained froms ubduing slaves or servants,a lthough
it may be lost by not doing so.12S everal writerse mphasize thatt he game
of honor in feuding societies is zero sum. 13 One achieves honor by humiliatingo
thers: what is lost by the one is gained by the other.
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