STUDY IDEA - HONOUR CONCERNS AND RETALIATION IN THE WAKE OF SEXUAL OR EMOTIONAL ADULTERY

Cultural Differences and Honour Concerns in Relationship Revenge

Research Questions: Are people from honour cultures more likely to take revenge in the face of adultery? Are certain types of revenge seen more appropriate in honour cultures than others? Do honour concerns actually explain likelihood of revenge in the case of adultery?

Design:
2 (culture: Turkey vs. UK) x 2 (participant gender: male vs. female) x 2 (audience: public vs. private affair) x 2 (affair context: sexual vs. emotional)

Manipulations through scenarios: Imagine that your partner cheated on you...
vary the public vs. private
vary the sexual vs. emotional
So 4 scenarios in total

Hypotheses:
1) Main effect of culture on revenge: Turks (honour culture) would be more willing to take revenge of their partner than Brits (dignity culture)
2) Main effect of culture on forgiveness: Turks would be less likely to forgive their partner than Brits.
3) Main effect of culture on emotional reactions: No main effect of culture on emotional reactions expected or Turks may react more angrily and feel more shame and feel more honour threat (in line with literature on honour culture)
4) Main effect of gender will be explored: type of revenge and forgiveness might differ among males and females
5) Main effect of affair type (sexual vs. emotional) will be explored
5) All 2-way, 3-way, and 4-way interaction effects will be explored
6) Mediation: (masculine and feminine) Honour concerns would explain why Turks would be more willing  to take revenge and less willing to forgive than Brits. If any main effect of culture on emotional reactions are found, honour concerns can also be expected to mediate the relationship between culture and emotional reactions.


Dependent variables in order:

Emotional reactions
How much would this affair break the cheated partner's honour?
How much anger would the affair cause in the cheated partner?
How much shame would the affair cause in the cheated partner?
How hurt would the cheated partner feel?
How sad would the cheated partner feel?

Likelihood of revenge? How likely would you be to take revenge of your partner through... ?
(different kinds of revenge here)
a) (do nothing) doing nothing
b) (ignore) ignoring the person
c) (leave/break-up) husband should break up
d) (cheating back) he should take revenge by inviting another woman home
e) (verbal aggression) he should shout, scream and insult at her
f) (physical aggression ) he should hit and beat her
g) (sexual aggression) he should force her to have sex
h) (murder the partner) he should kill her
i) (murder the 3rd person) he should kill the 3rd party
j) (kill myself) I'd kill myself

Likelihood of forgiveness? How likely would you forgive your partner... ?

Likelihood of relationship future? Would you continue your relationship with your partner... ?


Multiple choice:
Among these revenge choice given above, which one would be the most appropriate one?

Open-ended question: What would you do if your partner has cheated on you?


Honour concerns - as mediator
masculine, feminine, family


References:
See Caffaro, F., Ferraris, F., & Schmidt, S. (2014)

Study Idea: Can look at certain Love/Jealousy-related retaliation and see if Turkish men justify it more than British men.

Study Idea: Can look at certain Love/Jealousy-related retaliation and see if Turkish men justify it more than British men. Or if high honour justify it more than 

see for justification DV:

Cohen, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1997). Field experiments examining the culture of honor: The role of institutions in perpetuating norms about violence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 1188-1199.

SOPHISTICATED VOCAB FOR MY WRITING

myriad: This attitude plays out in myriad ways in everyday life in Texas.

Herding hypothesis is falsified

https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-human-beast/200904/is-southern-violence-due-culture-honor

Honour and men's unemployment

"The concept of masculinity is becoming more elusive in society as gender roles blur, with more women taking management positions and becoming the major breadwinners for their families," said lead researcher Ekaterina Netchaeva, an assistant professor of management and technology at Bocconi University in Milan, Italy. "Even men who support gender equality may see these advances as a threat to their masculinity, whether they consciously acknowledge it or not."

http://www.spsp.org/press_release/men-may-feel-more-threatened-by-female-bosses

http://www.milliyet.com.tr/erkegin-korkusu-es-parasi-/gundem/gundemdetay/23.12.2012/1645532/default.htm

Seeking

external help poses a direct risk to public image, and even

seeking help from family might be avoided if one’s identity

as a “real man” or “good woman” could be questioned. For

example, a man who has just lost his job might be reluctant

to disclose this to his family out of fear that they will see him

as an incompetent provider.

Violence against the self makalesinde. Eger ilgilenirse beryl onunla da birsey yapabilirsin ortak. O buraya doktoraya gelmeyi cok istedi, ama funding olmadigi icin odtu’de kaldi. 

"In an ideal world, men and organizations would be concerned by these findings and adjust their behavior accordingly. But if they don't, where does that leave women?" she said. "Given the strong societal norms surrounding masculinity, it may be difficult for men to recognize or change their behavior."

 

If men won't change their actions, then female supervisors may want to appear more proactive and less power-seeking to maintain smooth relationships in the workplace, Netchaeva said.

Hep ayni yeterince aciklayici olmayan gorus, societal norms surrounding masculinity yuzunden erkekler daha cok threatenned oluyolar eger kadinlar onlardan basariliysa (daha cok kazaniyorsa, daha yuksek pozisyondaysa) diye diyorlar. Veya bu bulgular cogunlukla power relationships uzerinden calisiliyor, iste erkekler status quo'larini korumak istedikleri icin falan. Kimse, bazi evolved mekanizmalardan konusmuyor. Societal norm'lar degisti, artik cogu erkek de kadin da bu equality discourse'undan haberdar ve political correctness norm'lariyla yasiyoruz zaten. Ama despite feminism which led to a fast cultural revolution of the female identity, evolved identity cannot change as fast. Throughout the history (thousands of years), menability to provide resources, protection of the women, family, clan from threats, rape, war, etc.)

AWS-short 12-item Turkish translation

Spence & Helmreich, 1978

1. The intellectual leadership of a community should be largely in the hands of men.
2. There are many jobs in which men should be given preference over women in being hired or promoted.
3. A woman should not expect to go to exactly the same places or to have quite the same freedom of action as a man.
4. It is ridiculous for a woman to run a locomotive and for a man to darn socks.
5. In general, the father should have greater authority than the mother in the bringing up of the children.
6. * Women should assume their rightful place in business and all the professions along with men.
7. Women should worry less about their rights and more about becoming good wives and mothers.
8. * Under modern economic conditions with women being active outside the home, men should share in household tasks such as washing dishes and doing laundry.
9. Sons in a family should be given more encouragement to go to college than daughters
10. * Women should be given equal opportunity with men for apprenticeship in the various trades.
11. * Women earning as much as their dates should bear equally the expense when they go out together.
12. * A woman should be free as a man to propose marriage.

Gender role beliefs (Kerr and Holden, 1966)

Gender role beliefs were assessed using the Gender Role Beliefs Scale (GRBS; Kerr and Holden 1996). The scale contains 20 items (e.g., “The initiative in courtship should usually come from the man”) about traditional gender role expectations (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree). Higher scores indicate more traditional attitudes. The scale had acceptable reliability for both the Chilean (α=.88) and American (α=.89) samples.


Brown, M. J., & Gladstone, N. (2012). Development of a Short Version of the Gender Role Beliefs Scale. International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 2(5), 154-158.

http://www.oalib.com/paper/1363746#.VazuzPmqqko


10-items GRBS

5. The husband should be regarded as the legal representative of the family group in all matters of law. (11) .859 - .801 - .825 - 9. Women should be concerned with their duties of childbearing and housetending, rather than with the desires for professional and business careers. (18) .606 - .806 - .729 - 8. It is ridiculous for a woman to run a train and a man to sew clothes. (16) .503 - .778 - .667 - 3. Women should have as much sexual freedom as men. (7)R .462 - .588 - .564 4. Women with children should not work outside the home if they don’t have to financially. (9) .434 - .539 - .527 - 1. It is disrespectful to swear in the presence of a lady. (1) - .441 - .778 - .650 10. Swearing and obscenity is more repulsive in the speech of a woman than a man. (19) - .514 - .634 - .626 6. Except perhaps in very special circumstances, a man should never allow a woman to pay the taxi, buy the tickets, or pay the check. (13) - .674 - .687 - .611 2. The initiative in courtship should usually come from the man. (4) - .685 - .550 - .591 7. Men should continue to show courtesies to women such as holding open the door or helping them on with their coats. (15)