WEIRD people reference

http://spsp.org/news-center/blog/future-prediction-culture

"First, we all study samples embedded in a particular socio-cultural context. Most samples we collect are “WEIRD,” consisting largely of white American middle-class college students who it turns out are not psychologically representative of humanity (Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010)."

Henrich, J., Heine, S.J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33, 62–135. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999152X

Effect size conventions - Cohen, 1988

http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/statswiki/FAQ/effectSize

Different forgiveness scales

http://www.evworthington-forgiveness.com/assessment-scales/

quote to use for articles - honour & sheakspeare

http://shakespeare.mit.edu/troilus_cressida/troilus_cressida.3.3.html

That no man is the lord of any thing,
Though in and of him there be much consisting,
Till he communicate his parts to others:
Nor doth he of himself know them for aught
Till he behold them form'd in the applause
Where they're extended; who, like an arch,
reverberates

Perseverance, dear my lord,
Keeps honour bright: to have done is to hang
Quite out of fashion, like a rusty mail
In monumental mockery. Take the instant way;
For honour travels in a strait so narrow,
Where one but goes abreast: keep then the path;
For emulation hath a thousand sons
That one by one pursue: if you give way,
Or hedge aside from the direct forthright,
Like to an enter'd tide, they all rush by
And leave you hindmost;

Intent vs. Consequence of Masculine Norms/Sexism

This study also reveals that different domains of manhood can be regarded as sources of threat. For
example, subordination to women highlights social situations in which a wife/girlfriend or female co-worker is more successful, earns more, or is smarter than the man, and hence becomes threatening because “being a man” seems to depend on being able to show that the man is superior in these areas. Man's socialization into this idealized masculinity teaches him to be completely detached from the feminine, and even to regard femininity in society with a degree of scorn (Miedzian, 1991; Onur & Koyuncu, 2004). And thus it becomes difficult to tolerate the idea of being surpassed by a woman (who is supposed to be subordinate) and this could, in turn, strengthen the idea that
VAW is excusable in order to show the woman “who is boss”

Forming alliances/friendships is even counted as one of the adaptive problems

http://the-mouse-trap.com/2008/09/12/the-eight-basic-adaptive-problems-faced-by-all-animals-esp-humans/

http://the-mouse-trap.com/2010/09/05/maslows-motivational-hierarchy-revisited/#at_pco=smlwn-1.0&at_si=59bf9f8b21eb001c&at_ab=per-2&at_pos=0&at_tot=1

In it Dylan Evans and Oscar Zarate claim that all animals, and especially humans face a few adaptive problems and have developed modular adaptions in the brain to handle those problems that were encountered in the EEA. now , the massive modularity hypothesis is a topic for another day; today I’ll restrict to how they had organized their typical adaptive problems into seven groups and how I propose to modify it by introducing an eighth group to make it more in line with my eight stage evolutionary and developmental theory.

To quote:

So what are the adaptive problems faced by our hominid ancestors? Various considerations drawn from Biology, Primateology, Archeology and Anthropology suggest what the most important adaptive problems would have been:

1. Avoiding Predators
2. Eating the Right Food
3. Forming Alliances and Friendship
4. Providing help to Children and other Relatives
5. Reading other people’s minds
6. communicating with other people
7. selecting mates

1. Forming alliances and friendships : The third problem, for those animals that are not solitary, and are social in nature, is to form alliances and friendships within the group to which they belong. Group avoidance of predators (which may be big for an individual) and group sharing of food (big game hunting/ unpredictable foraging/ agriculture etc) is more beneficial than solitary hunting/ predator avoidance/food gathering. But with group formation comes the problems of group living – co-operation evolution and maintenance and the free-rider problem. Basically, how to detect cheaters and free-riders who take benefits from the group but do not pay back. If unchecked, the genes conferring such free-riding behavior will proliferate in the gene pool and destabilize co-operation and thus effective groups. It has been proposed by Robert Axelrod, that co-operation can evolve only if a) organisms encounter each other repeatedly (live in a group) b) they can recognize those they have met before and distinguish them from strangers and c) organisms can remember how those they have met before have treated them on previous occasions. Thus we need modules for recognizing con-specifics and for remembering their past actions, for solving this adaptive problem; many animals including elephants, who live in large groups, have solved this problem to an extent. This model is called reciprocal altruism and the strategy used is called tit-for-tat strategy in a repeated prisoners dilemma game of whether to co-operate or to defect. This also lays the foundation for a social exchange module whereby one calculates the costs and benefits keeping in mind the context under which the favor was given/ received.

TEST OF PRECARIOUS MANHOOD - EVOLVED VS. SOCIAL ROLE?

One project can be to test whether social role theory vs. evolutionary theory explains the precariousness of manhood better.