Source: Aydinli, A., Bender, M., Chasiotis, A., van de Vijver, F. J., & Cemalcilar, Z. (2015). Implicit and explicit prosocial motivation as antecedents of volunteering: The moderating role of parenthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 74, 127-132.
3.2.1. Measurement invariance
To ensure linguistic equivalence, all measures were translated and back-translated from English into Turkish by the first and fifth author, following the guidelines by van de Vijver and Leung (1997). The equivalence of factor structures was checked by using Tucker’s phi, an index that describes the congruence of different sets of factor solutions (van de Vijver & Leung, 1997). We compared the factor structure obtained by separate EFAs of prosocial norms, social desirability, and explicit prosocial motivation between the Turkish and the US samples. In all three cases, an invariant factor structure was confirmed with Tucker’s φ values >.97.
